How much turbulence can an airplane bear? Every year, the question is asked and answered by a group of Air Force and NOAA pilots and researchers known as the hurricane hunters. The initiative began, unofficially, in 1943, when Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Duckworth flew into the eye of a hurricane near Galveston, Texas. Duckworth made his flight on a dare, but the programs have since taken on a more serious role: to report on hurricanes as they develop and to study their inner mechanics. Last year, Joshua Wadler, a hurricane hunter and a meteorologist at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, in Florida, went through the turbulence data from every NOAA hurricane flight since 2004, and two infamous ones from the nineteen-eighties. He measured how much each flight was thrown around along six axes of motion: roll, pitch, yaw, surge, sway, and heave. (The words alone can induce vertigo.) Then he made a list of the bumpiest flights ever recorded.
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